Effects of Gender Equality in Education to Gender Disparities in Economic Participation: Global Evidences
Abstract
This study explored on the parity in educational attainment and economic participation and opportunities among genders through data mining, a process used to uncover characteristics of phenomena and the relationship between them. The pattern of gender parity was drawn from the data set of World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index of 2015. The findings, based on the patterns generated, reveal no relationship between the equality in educational attainment and economic participation and opportunities among men and women. This indicates that educational attainment and success of women does not automatically mean higher economic status or greater political participation. It was deduced further that equality in both genders in terms of educational attainment instead, creates disparity in the economic opportunities of women. The factors of the disparity include gender stereotyping in the labor market; discriminatory practices in the workplace; and cultural, ethnic, and religious norms that draw attention to gender complementarity rather than gender equity.
Keywords:
Gender equality, gender disparity, economic participation, education, labor market
References
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Bird, S., & Sapp, S. (2004). Understanding the gender gap in small business success: Urban and rural comparisons. SAGE Publications. Retrieved from http://asr.sagepub.com
Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevoskerung (DSW).(n.d.) Sub-Saharan Africa: Data and facts. DSW, Germany. Retrieved from http:// www/berlin-institut.org/fileadmin/userupload/Afrika/sub-saharanAfricaDataandFacts.pdf
Ebersole, L., Hunter, K.. Lyons, S., & Wilke, E.(2014). Gender equity in the Middle East and North Africa: Integrating men and boys. American University Freedom House Practicum Team MENA Sub-group: School of International, Washington, DC.
Erosa, A., Fuster, L., & Restuccia, P. (2005). A quantitative theory of the gender gap in wages. Retrieved from https://web.stanford.edu/group/SITE/papers2005/Erosa.05.pdf
Education from gender equality perspective. A report developed for USAID’s office of Women in Development by the EQUATE Project, Management Systems International (2008). Retrieved from www.ungei.orf/resources/file
Frost, J., (2013). Regression analysis: How do I interpret r-squared and assess the goodnessof-fit? Retrieved from http://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/regression-analysis-how-do-i interpret-rsquared-and-assess-the-goodness-of-fit
Global Gender Gap Report. (2015). World Economic Forum 2015.
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2000). The developmental theory of the gender gap: Women's and men's voting behavior in global perspective. International Political Science Association SAGE Publications.
Kloster, D. (2014). Matching skills and labor market needs building social partnerships for better skills and better jobs. World Economic Forum. Switzerland
Kolev, A., Nowacka, K., Ferrant, G., Thim, A. & Loiseau, E. (2016). The Sub-Saharan SIGI regional report. OECD Development Center.
Legewiea, J., & DiPrete, T. (2012). School context and the gender gap in educational achievement. American Sociological Association. Retrieved from http://asr.sagepub.com
Lorber, J. (1997). The variety of feminisms and their contribution to gender equality. Oldenburger Universitätsreden.
Mir-Hosseini, Z. (1999). Islam and gender. The religious debate in contemporary Iran. Princeton University Press.
OECD Development Center. (2016). Europe and central Asia SIGI regional report. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/dev
OECD. (2011). Education at a glance. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011
Servicio National de la Mujer (SERNAM).(2004). Mujeres chilenas tendencias en la ultima decada: Censos 1992-2002. Santiago,Chile: SERNAM.
Siegel, E. (2005). The gender gap and growth: Measures, models and the unexplained. University of Copenhagen Department of Economics.
Solarte, J. (2002). A proposed data mining methodology and its application to industrial engineering. Master’s thesis, University of Tennessee. Retrieved from http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/ 2172
The Council of Europe. (1998). Gender mainstreaming. conceptual framework,
methodology and presentation of good practices. Strasbourg, France.
Treacher, A. (2003). Reading the other women, feminism, and Islam. Studies on Gender and Sexuality.
Kolev, A., Nowacka, K., Ferrant, G., Thim, A. Loiseau, E., & Granella, F. (2015). The SIGI Regional Report for Europe and Central Asia.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO). (2017). Education for sustainable development goals: Learning objectives. France. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/open-access/termsuse-ccbysa-en
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO). (2003). Gender and education for all: The leap to equality. Paris, UNESCO.
USAID Report. (2008). “Education form gender equality perspective.” A report developed for USAID’s Office of Women in Development by EQUATE Project Management Systems International. Retrieved from www.ungei.org/resources/file
Walby, S. (2003). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. University of Leeds. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/3888221.pdf
Published
2017-12-29
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2017 Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Copyright holder is the Bukidnon State University.
