Psychological Risk Assessment of Residents in Flood/Landslide-Prone Areas in the Province of Bukidnon
Abstract
Natural disasters like floods and landslides are potential threats to both the physical and emotional well-being of individuals. The psychological effect could influence the way people look at themselves and adapt to any untoward incidence in the future. The study aimed to assess the residents’ psychological state in terms of depression, anxiety, and stress in the aftermath of a disaster. Also, it assessed the adaptive capacity of affected populations to disaster; and recommended a program for disaster mitigation on psychological resilience at the barangay level. Questionnaires were used to gather data on disaster risk reduction elements, which determined the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability of the populations. With these variables, the risk and the adaptive capacity were computed. The adopted 42-item DASS questionnaire of Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) measures the three subscales of psychological health conditions which are depression, anxiety, and stress. Results showed that most of the respondents are on the normal scale in the three subscales. Of the three negative emotional states, the anxiety scale was consistently higher than depression and stress scales among respondents of the five barangays. The risk assessment of the five barangays showed that among the barangays, Barangay Batangan had the highest hazard and exposure. However, vulnerability was low in this barangay due to the high readiness factor, thus resulting in a higher adaptive capacity compared to the other four barangays.
Keywords:
Disaster risk reduction, psychological health condition, risk adaptive capacity, flood
References
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Angst, J., & Vollrath, M. (1991).The natural history of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand 1991, 84:446–452. [PubMed: 1776498]
Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression:Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row.
Bilac, C., Ermertcan, A. T., Bilac, D. B., Deveci, A., & Horasan, G. D. (2009). The relationship between symptoms and patient characteristics among psoriasis patients. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 75(5), 551
Breslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1995). Sex differences in depression: A role for pre-existing anxiety. Psychiatr. Res., 58, 1–12.
Brown, G.W., Bifulco, A., Harris, T., & Bridge, L. (1986). Life stress, chronic subclinical symptoms, and vulnerabilityto clinical depression. J. Affect. Disord., 11, pp. 1–19. [PubMed: 2944923]
Burkett, V. D. M. (2012). Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: A technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment. Island.
Cabrera, J. S., & Lee, H.S.. (2019). Flood prone area assessment using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis: A case study in Davao Oriental, Philippines. Water, 11(11), 2203.
Chandra, A., Acosta, J., Stern, S., Uscher-Pines, L., Williams, M.V., Yeung, D., Garnett, J., & Meredith, L.S. (2010) Building community resilience to disasters: A way forward to enhance national health security, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-915-DHHS. http://www.rand.org/pubs/ technical_reports/TR915.html
Cook, J. D., & Bickman, L. (1990). Social support and psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(4), 541-556.
Cutter, B. E., & Guyette, R. P. (1993). Anatomical, chemical, and ecological factors are affecting tree species choice in dendrochemistry studies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 22(3), 611-619.
Difference between efficiency and productivity. (2020). Retrieved from http://www. differencebetween.info/difference between-efficiency-and-productivity
Felman, A. (2018, October 26). What causes anxiety.Medical News Today. https://www. medi calnewstoday.com/articles/323456. Php
Foa, E. B., Stein, D. J., & McFarlane, A. C. (2006). Symptomatology and psychopathology of mental health problems after disaster. J Clin Psychiatry, 67(2), 15 25.
Friedman, S. M. (2011). Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima: An analysis of traditional and new media coverage of nuclear accidents and radiation. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 67, 55–65. https://doi .org/10.1177/0096340211421587
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social adjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 11, pp. 213 218, 1967.
Holmes, T.H., & Masuda, M. (1973). Life change and illness susceptibility, separation, and depression. American Association for the advancement ofscience, pp. 50-55.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2001).Third assessment report on climate change: Impacts,adaptation, and vulnerability. Geneva.
Johari, J., & Marzuki, N.A. (2013). Relating stress, anxiety, and depression among f lood victim’s quality of life in Malaysia: A theoretical perspective.International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(6), 543.
La Greca, A., Silverman, W. K.,Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after hurricane Andrew: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (4), 712-723.
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F..(1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. 2nd. ed. Psychology Foundation of Australia, Inc., University of New South Wales.
Mason, V., Andrews, H., & Upton, D. (2014).The psychological impact of exposure to floods. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 15(1), 61-73, DOI:10.1080/13548500903483478.
Matteoli, G., &Boeckxstaens, G.E. (2013). The vagal innervation of the gut and immune homeostasis. Gut, 62(8), 1214-1222.
Mitchell, J. K., Abdel-Ghaffar, A. M., Gentry, R. C., & Morrow, B. H. (1999). Identifying and mapping community.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. (2012). NDRRMC update. Sitrep No. 29 re effects of tropical Storm “SENDONG” (Washi). www. ndrrmc.gov.ph
Paranjothy, S., Gallacher, J., Amlôt, R., Rubin, G., Page, L., Baxter, T., & Palmer, S. (2011). Psychosocial impact of the summer 2007 f loods in England. BMC Public Health, 11,145.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471 2458-11-145
Paringit, E.C., & Puno, G.R. (Eds.). (2017). LiDAR surveys and flood mapping report of Upper Pulangi River. In Paringit, E.C. (Ed.), Flood hazard mapping of the Philippines using LIDAR, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Training Center for applied geodesy and photogrammetry—181
Pellini, A., Contreras, A., Jabar, M., De Guzman, M. T., Era, M., Erasga, D., & R. Javier Jr. (2013). Towards policy-relevant science and scientifically informed policy: Political economy of the use of knowledge and research evidence in urban resilience interventions in the Philippines. 22. Ralf, S.,and S. Ute (2001). The role of stressful life events. HealthPsychology, 9, pp. 1-32
River Basin Control Office (RBCO), (2015). Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Rodriguez-Llanes, J.M., F. Vos, and D. Guha Sapir. (,2013). Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: are evidence based indicators an achievable goal?. Environmental Health, 12(115), 1-10.
Ruzek, J.I. (2020). Disaster response, mental health, and community resilience. Psychiatric Times, 37 (1).
Sagala, S. A. H. (2006). Analysis of physical f lood vulnerability in residential areas. Case study: Naga City, The Philippines, ITC.
Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S.D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu Rev Clin Psychol.1, 607–628. doi:10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.1.102803.144141
Stuart, M. (2004). Understanding depression following a disaster. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona.
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000).A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of affective disorders, 61(3), 201-216.
Twigg, J. (2007). Characteristics of a disaster resilient community: A guidance note. Department for International Development (DFID).
Typhoon Vinta hits 14 Valencia City barangays, affects hundreds of families. (2017, December 27). PTV News,
https:// www.ptvnews.ph/typhoon-vinta-hits-14 valencia-city-barangays-affects-hundreds families/ on May 18, 2020.
UNDRO(1991).Office of the United Nations disaster relief coordinator: Mitigating natural disasters: phenomena, effects and options.A Manual for Policy Makers and Planners.United Nations.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). (2017). UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Weichselgartner, J. (2001). Disaster mitigation: The concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention Management, 10(2), 85-95.
Werner, E. E. & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Floods: Climate change and adaptation strategies for human health.
Yang, Y. K., Yeh, T. L., Chen, C. C., Lee, C. K., Lee, I. H., Lee, L. C., & Jeffries, K. J. (2003). Psychiatric morbidity and posttraumatic symptoms among earthquake victims in primary care clinics. General Hospital Psychiatry, 25(4), 253-261.
Published
2021-01-08
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Copyright holder is the Bukidnon State University.
